Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos dos antibióticos promotores de crescimento (AGPs), di-hidrato de oxitetraciclina e fosfato de tilosina na microflora intestinal de frangos de corte. Os AGPs foram fornecidos em diferentes concentrações isoladamente ou em combinações por 42 dias de criação. Amostras fecais foram coletadas do intestino (duodeno, jejuno e ceco) de frangos de corte no 14º, 28º e 42º dias de ensaio. As amostras foram cultivadas em diferentes meios seletivos e a identificação bacteriana foi realizada por diferentes ferramentas de diagnóstico bioquímico e molecular. Os resultados mostraram um efeito significativo dos AGPs no crescimento de microrganismos patogênicos como Escherichia coli e Clostridium perfringens no intestino. Curiosamente, um crescimento prejudicado foi observado para ambas as bactérias, mostrando um efeito significativo (P <0,05) de AGPs em E. coli e C. perfringens nos dias 14, 28 e 42. Este efeito foi observado apenas e em combinação com o uso de AGPs. Os dados mostraram ainda que o efeito foi mais proeminente em combinação e com um aumento da concentração de AGPs. Nenhum comprometimento foi observado no crescimento de L. reuteri em diferentes locais do intestino e duração (14º, 28º e 42º dias). Os resultados mostraram que o uso de AGPs na dieta não tem efeito nocivo nas bactérias benéficas, no entanto, foi observado um crescimento prejudicado nas bactérias nocivas. Sugere-se que uma combinação de AGPs (OXY-1.0+TP-0.5) seja econômica e não tenha efeito prejudicial sobre o frango de corte. O uso de AGPs em uma dose recomendada e por um período de tempo específico é seguro para uso em aves tanto como promotor de crescimento quanto para prevenção de doenças.

Abstract The study was aimed to analyse the effects of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), Oxytetracycline di-hydrate and Tylosin phosphate on the intestinal microflora in broiler chicken. The AGPs were provided in different concentrations solely or in combinations for 42 days of rearing. Faecal samples were collected from the intestine (duodenum, jejunum and caeca) of broiler chicken on 14th, 28th and 42nd days of trial. Samples were cultured on different selective medium and bacterial identification was performed by different biochemical and molecular diagnostic tools. Results showed a significant effect of AGPs on the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in the intestine. Interestingly, an impaired growth was observed for both bacterium showing a significant effect (P<0.05) of AGPs on E. coli and C. perfringens on day 14th, 28th, and 42nd. This effect was observed solely and in combination while using AGPs. Data further showed that the effect was more prominent in combination and with an increase concentration of AGPs. Remarkably, no impairment was seen on the growth of L. reuteri at different sites of intestine and duration (14th, 28th, and 42nd days). The results showed that the use of AGPs in diet has no harmful effect on beneficial bacteria, however, an impaired growth was seen on the harmful bacteria. It is suggested that a combination of AGPs (OXY-1.0+TP-0.5) is economical and have no harmful effect on the broiler chicken. The use of AGPs in a recommended dose and for a specific period of time are safe to use in poultry both as growth promoter and for the prevention of diseases.

ABSTRACT Conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) mainly consists of Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs). CFAs received significant importance because of their anti-carcinogenic, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, lipid/ energy metabolism modulatory effects and some other health promoting properties. Though, their concentration in food stuff is inadequate for any therapeutic application to be implemented. For a biotechnological perspective, microbial production of these CFAs has been extensively explored as an alternative and various bacterial strains of Propionbacterium , Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have shown promising results. This review will amass and recap available data concerning CLA and CLNA production by various bacterial strains via various enzymatic reaction behind all the processes. Numerous studies on CFA biochemical pathways are important to understand and discourse the metabolic mechanisms behind this process showing all the gene products that could be involved in the production. Among these bacterial strains few have shown the modulation of lipid metabolism in-vivo , further research should be focused on this topic which would help us to understand the role of gut microbiota on human health and future foods sustainability.

Abstract The present study aimed to compare the crude, modified and hydrolyzed gums of Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia modesta as a biodegradable binder for drug delivery system using acetaminophen as a model drug. The physiochemical properties such as pH, fluorescence analysis and swelling index were determined. The gums were hydrolyzed and modified. Acetaminophen tablets were prepared using wet granulation technique and the gum solutions were used as a binder. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was used as a synthetic binder. Different properties of granules and tablets were evaluated. Results showed that both gums were acidic in nature, while D. sissoo and A. modesta showed light brown and creamy color in fluorescence analysis. The swelling ratio was the highest in water followed by 0.1N HCl and least in phosphate buffer. The prepared tablets showed faster and slower dissolution profiles in the same dissolution system. The crude gums have the highest dissolution rate, and this rate was decreased in the case of modified and hydrolyzed gums samples. The crude gums showing slower release can be useful in sustained-release tablets, while the modified gums having faster release rate are helpful in conventional tablet formulation. Taken together, the selected gums could be a good model for evaluation as a binder or hydrophilic polymer in tablet formulation.

Abstract This study investigated the synergy testing of penicillin, cephalosporin, amphenicols, and aminoglycoside in the camel milk (n=768 samples), subsequently used for isolation of MDR S. aureus targeting mecA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus showed >90% isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim and resistant against oxacillin, ampicillin, and cefoxitin. Further, 50-85% of the S. aureus were sensitive to gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol and resistant against cefotaxime, vancomycin, and cefixime. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefotaxime, (C) and ampicillin (A) in combination with gentamicin (G) was reduced by 99.34% and 70.46%, respectively, while with chloramphenicol (Ch), reduction was 57.49% and 60%, respectively. In addition, the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of G+A, Ch+C and Ch+G combinations showed synergy against 80%, 60%, and 30% of MDR S. aureus, respectively. Similarly, C+A and Ch+G displayed indifferent interaction against 70 % and 30% of isolates, respectively, while the later showed additive interaction against 10% of MDR S. aureus. Altogether, our results described effective combination of gentamicin and chloramphenicol with ampicillin and cefotaxime to combat MDR S. aureus.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a qualidade de vida de mulheres após parto normal e cesariana na perspectiva da saúde mental. Método: estudo causal-comparativo que incluiu 104 mulheres, das quais 52 tiveram parto normal e 52 cesarianas. O estudo foi realizado na enfermaria de ginecologia do Liaqat Memorial Hospital em Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, usando o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida. As enfermeiras paquistanesas fizeram a tradução direta para o idioma Urdu, entrevista por entrevista (lida em inglês e falada em urdu). Foram analisados os resultados relacionados aos Problemas de Saúde Emocional, Energia, Emoções e Atividades Sociais. Resultados: as mulheres após cesariana relataram mais problemas em relação às variáveis de saúde emocional do que as mulheres após o parto normal. O escore médio de qualidade de vida no grupo de mulheres após parto normal foi de 89,94 e 66,02 no grupo de mulheres após cesariana (p<0,001). Conclusão: as mulheres que realizaram parto normal apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida do que as mulheres após cesariana (média versus má qualidade de vida). A saúde mental também é afetada, principalmente para aquelas que são submetidas a cesariana. Assim, o parto normal demonstra benefícios no puerpério em termos de indicadores emocionais.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the quality of life of women after natural childbirth and cesarean section from a mental health perspective. Method: this is a causal-comparative study that included 104 women, 52 of whom underwent natural childbirth: and 52 cesarean sections. It was conducted in the gynecology ward of Liaqat Memorial Hospital in Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using the Quality-of-Life Questionnaire. Pakistani Nurses made direct translation of it in to Urdu language, interview by interview (read in English and told in Urdu). The results related to Emotional Health Problems, Energy, Emotions and Social Activities were analyzed. Results: women after cesarean section reported more problems regarding emotional health variables than women after natural childbirth. The mean quality of life score among the natural childbirth group was 89.94 and 66.02 among the cesarean section group (p<0.001). Conclusion: women who undergo natural childbirth have better quality of life than women who undergo cesarean section (average versus poor quality of life). Mental health is also affected, especially for those who undergo cesarean section. Thus, natural childbirth demonstrates benefits in the puerperium in terms of emotional indicators.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar la calidad de vida de las mujeres después del parto natural y cesárea desde la perspectiva de la salud mental. Método: estudio causal-comparativo que incluyó 104 mujeres, de las cuales 52 tuvieron parto natural y 52 cesáreas. El estudio se realizó en la enfermería de ginecología del Liaqat Memorial Hospital en Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistán, utilizando el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida. Las enfermeras paquistaníes hicieron la traducción directa al idioma Urdu, entrevista por entrevista (leída en inglés y hablada en urdu). Los resultados relacionados con los Problemas de Salud Emocional, Energía, Emociones y Actividades Sociales fueron analizados. Resultados: Las mujeres después de la cesárea reportaron más problemas en relación a las variables de salud emocional que las mujeres después del parto natural. El puntaje medio de calidad de vida en el grupo de parto natural fue de 89,94 y 66,02 en el grupo de cesárea (p<0,001). Conclusión: las mujeres que tuvo parto natural tienen mejor calidad de vida que las mujeres después de la cesárea (media versus mala calidad de vida). La salud mental también se ve afectada, especialmente para aquellos que se someten a cesárea. Por lo tanto, el parto natural muestra beneficios en el período posparto en términos de indicadores emocionales.

In this study, resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) of 95 lines of Elite 1 synthetics, 33 lines of Elite 2 synthetics, and 51 lines of their durum parents were evaluated at the seedling stage in glasshouses at Murree, Pakistan, and at the adult plant stage under field and glasshouse conditions. Bulk inoculum collected during 2004-2005 cropping season was used in all studies. Fifty six entries (58%) of Elite 1 synthetics, 15 entries (45%) of Elite 2 synthetics, and 16 (11%) durum parental entries were found resistant at the seedling stage. In the field and glasshouse the adult plant resistance was evaluated by estimating the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). Thirty three percent of Elite 1, 30% of Elite 2, and 41% of their durum parents had AUDPC ranging between 0-10 percent. Most of the genotypes resistant at the seedling stage were also resistant at the adult plant stage. Few lines possessed partial resistance as these lines had high infection types at the seedling stage, but low AUDPC at the adult plant stage. Resistance from Aegilops tauschii was identified only at seedling stage in those synthetic hexaploid wheats in which the contributing durum parent was susceptible. The synthetic hexaploid wheats found resistant in this study are potential candidates for bread wheat improvement.

En este estudio se evaluó la resistencia a la roya lineal (Puccinia striiformis) de 95 líneas sintéticas elite (grupo 1), 33 líneas sintéticas elite (grupo 2), y 51 líneas de sus líneas progenitoras de duros, en estado de plántula bajo condiciones de invernadero en Murree, Pakistán, y en estado de planta adulta bajo condiciones de campo e invernadero. El inóculo colectado en masa durante el ciclo de cultivo 2004-2005 se utilizó en todos los estudios. Cincuenta y seis entradas (58%) del grupo de sintéticos elite 1, 15 (45%) del grupo de sintéticos elite 2 y 16 (11%) de los progenitores de duros fueron resistentes durante el estado de plántula. La Resistencia en planta adulta se evaluó en campo y en el invernadero mediante la estimación el área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad (ABCPE). Treinta tres porciento del grupo elite 1, 30% del grupo elite 2 y 41% de sus progenitores de duros tuvieron un ABCPE que fluctuó entre 0-10%. La mayor parte de los genotipos resistentes en la etapa de plántula también fueron resistentes en la etapa de planta adulta. Pocas líneas tienen resistencia parcial ya que tuvieron altos niveles de infección durante la etapa de plántula, pero bajo ABCPE en la etapa de planta adulta. La resistencia de Aegilops tauschii fue identificada solamente en la etapa de plántula en aquellos trigo sintéticos hexaploides donde el progenitor de duros era susceptible. Los trigos sintéticos hexaploides resistentes en este estudio, son candidatos potenciales para utilizarse en el mejoramiento de trigo.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o implante de stents sem dilatação prévia com cateter balão convencional para o tratamento das obstruções coronarianas, utilizando-se cateteres guias de baixo perfil através da técnica radial. MÉTODOS: A técnica radial é atraente pela possibilidade de se evitar o trauma provocado pelo balão, menor tempo para sua realização, exposição reduzida à radiação e consumo de contraste em quantidades inferiores às habitualmente usadas neste tipo de procedimento. RESULTADOS: Analisada a experiência inicial de implante direto de stents, através de cateteres de baixo perfil por via radial, em 45 pacientes, com idade média de 65 anos. Em todos os casos houve sucesso no procedimento sem complicações maiores na fase hospitalar. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados com a população estudada demonstraram ser a técnica radial segura, eficaz e com muito baixo risco de complicações.

OBJECTIVE: To assess stent implantation without previous dilation with a conventional balloon catheter to treat coronary artery obstructions, by using low profile guiding catheters and the transradial approach. METHODS: The transradial approach is attractive due to the possibility of avoiding the trauma caused by the balloon, its shorter time of performance, reduced exposure to radiation, and the use of lower quantities of contrast medium than those usually required in this type of procedure. RESULTS: The initial experience of direct stent implantation with low profile guiding catheters and the transradial approach was analyzed in 45 patients, whose mean age was 65 years. All procedures were successful, with no major complications in the in-hospital phase. CONCLUSION: The results obtained with the population studied proved that the transradial approach is safe, effective, and has very few risks of complications.